or output of a knowledge production function. We suggest that the productivity of research in patent production functions … to patentable knowledge, and development happens after the initial research phase that may have led to a patent. Instead … of using data on R&D, we separate the knowledge creating process into 'R' and 'D'. This data stems from R&D surveys of …

The creation of spinoff companies is often promoted as a desirable mechanism for transferring knowledge and …

Little effort has been made to identify industries' knowledge networks, and to what extent knowledge relations occur … knowledge bases. Our study shows that the structure of the knowledge networks differs between the two industries, and few … knowledge linkages have been established between the two. Our findings also suggest that the gap between the two industries …