This paper integrates innovation input and output effects of R&D subsidies into a modified Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse (CDM …

knowledge spillovers, especially those occurring at the national level. Wind and solar technologies exhibit distinct innovation … innovative activity with a special emphasis on the role of knowledge spillovers. We investigate two major renewable energy … technologies or sectors (inter-sectoral spillovers), or at the international level. We find that innovation is strongly driven by …

knowledge interactions are perceived to be underdeveloped. In contrast to the popularity of the policy measure little is known … about its impact on knowledge networks, because most scientific evaluations focus on impacts at the firm level. Using the … observed from 1985 to 2013, in 13 German regions. We find that the initiative increases network size and innovation activities …