or output of a knowledge production function. We suggest that the productivity of research in patent production functions … to patentable knowledge, and development happens after the initial research phase that may have led to a patent. Instead … of using data on R&D, we separate the knowledge creating process into 'R' and 'D'. This data stems from R&D surveys of …

knowledge-based innovation systems. A system without sufficient options, for example, is locked-in. The generation of redundancy …" (TH) as attempts to find surplus value in bringing industrial innovation closer to public R&D. Whereas the firm is central … can take leading roles in innovation eco-systems. In addition to the (transversal) technology transfer at each moment of …

The innovation capacity of a system can be measured as the synergy in interactions among its parts. Synergy can be … the Norwegian innovation system in terms of mutual information among geographical, sectorial, and size distributions of …

of R&D grants and R&D tax credits on R&D inputs and innovation outputs. We estimate Conditional Difference …

innovation policy drafting and implementation. Cluster development stimulates trust building and enhances knowledge spillovers …Cluster policy is recognized as one of the pivotal elements of state-of-art innovation policy. State support for … among different organizations in the region. Finally the cluster approach makes innovation policy more systemic by …