of R&D grants and R&D tax credits on R&D inputs and innovation outputs. We estimate Conditional Difference …

knowledge production function has to be considered in order to analyze FDI and innovation dynamics - and this can then be linked … trade induced real income gains while the FDI related and innovation induced benefits have been largely neglected, although … underestimation of deep integration projects such as TTIP. The panel data estimation of knowledge production functions for 20 EU …

-in-differences design to causally identify the short-run impact of COVID-19 on innovation spending in 2020 and expected innovation spending … substantially reduced innovation expenditure not only in the first year of the pandemic (2020) but also in the two subsequent years …, indicating ’Long–Covid’ effects on innovation. In 2020, innovation expenditure fell by 4.7 % due to the pandemic. In 2022 …

to investigate possible crowdingout effects on the input side of the innovation process. Different specifications of R …