has been a long-standing tendency and the participation gap between students from the highest and lowest income families …The relationship between family income and postsecondary participation is studied in order to determine the extent to … which higher education in Canada has increasingly become the domain of students from well-to-do families. An analysis of two …

may play substantively different roles. The findings suggest that university-going is less common among lower-income … students and members of a visible minority group in the U.S. than among their Canadian counterparts. Some possible reasons are …

background characteristics are controlled for-most notably the income and labour market activity of parents in the years leading …. Parental loss by death is assumed to be exogenous; the experiences of children with a bereaved background offering a benchmark … to assess the endogeneity of parental loss through divorce. Differences between individuals with divorced parents and …

have longer spell lengths than those in higher income families and, among these low-income families, lone-parents and … couples with children generally spend more time living in low-income neighbourhoods than childless couples and unattached … residing in low-income neighbourhoods (residential 'spells'). Although the length of new spells is generally substantial (at …

Discussions of pension adequacy for elderly Canadians have used the rate at which income falls with age; the income … replacement rate or the ratio of post-retirement income to pre-retirement income. Use of income streams to assess post … example, work-related expenses) can be expected to fall after retirement, a declining income stream does not necessarily …