may play substantively different roles. The findings suggest that university-going is less common among lower-income … students and members of a visible minority group in the U.S. than among their Canadian counterparts. Some possible reasons are …

Discussions of pension adequacy for elderly Canadians have used the rate at which income falls with age; the income … replacement rate or the ratio of post-retirement income to pre-retirement income. Use of income streams to assess post … example, work-related expenses) can be expected to fall after retirement, a declining income stream does not necessarily …

income instability varies across segments of the (family-level) earnings distribution. We uncover four key patterns. First …-1995 had, during the 1996-2001 period, much more unstable market income than their counterparts in the top tertile. Fourth … least two-thirds (and up to all) of the differences in instability (measured in terms of proportional income gains …

have longer spell lengths than those in higher income families and, among these low-income families, lone-parents and … couples with children generally spend more time living in low-income neighbourhoods than childless couples and unattached … residing in low-income neighbourhoods (residential 'spells'). Although the length of new spells is generally substantial (at …