may play substantively different roles. The findings suggest that university-going is less common among lower-income … students and members of a visible minority group in the U.S. than among their Canadian counterparts. Some possible reasons are …

have longer spell lengths than those in higher income families and, among these low-income families, lone-parents and … couples with children generally spend more time living in low-income neighbourhoods than childless couples and unattached … residing in low-income neighbourhoods (residential 'spells'). Although the length of new spells is generally substantial (at …