It is shown that the evolution of modern developed societies results into reduction of the role of centralized governance as well as economic and political competition, whereas the role of collaboration mechanisms is growing. This process is supported by cultural changes: increasing trust,...

This paper contributes in economic literature by investigating the impact of defense spending on income inequality in case of Iran using time series data over the period of 1971-2011. For this purpose, we have applied the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration for long run relationship in...

Writers’ are many but only few are most prominent and have immensely touched one’s heart with feelings of pain, pleasure, romance, hatred, aggression, welfare, security and everything happening around us. Urdu Literature is an ocean of beautiful expressions – this art has been bestowed to...

I discuss goals of institutional experimentation as well as obstacles for its realization. The special attention is given to regional experiments. Institutional experiment reduces transformation costs, in particular, by diminishing probability of formation of erroneous reforms trap. The analyses...

This paper examines the impact of natural gas consumption, real gross fixed capital formation and trade on the real GDP in case of Tunisia over the period of 1980-2010. We used Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to test the existence of long run relationship between...

This paper empirically parallels two approaches: The first one follows the studies of Halicioglu (2009), Jalil and Mahmud (2009), and Jayanthakumaran et al. (2012) which attempt to introduce energy consumption and trade into the environmental function (related carbon dioxide ‘CO2’ emissions...

The consumers of today are impulse and cautious buyers at the same time. This study basically comprehends the concept of non-linearity towards the consumer purchase behavior for either high or low involvement of products. The research was interesting to note the consumption patterns of different...

This paper deals with the empirical investigation of causal relationship between financial deepening, economic growth and poverty reduction using quarter frequency data in case of Pakistan over the period of 1972-2011. We applied the ARDL bounds testing approach by incorporating structural...

When it’s about production then association between the machinery and efficiency is gauged. This investigation seeks the matter whether vertical integration (balanced integration) in an organization provides better results and profits. The focused industry was textile with a sample size of 30...

Buying patterns of the country Pakistan has been investigated in regards to high and low involvement products. The investigation has taken various economic indicators namely inflation rate, unemployment rate, interest rate (average) and per capita income (MP) into account. The data years 1991...