This paper explores the relationship between financial development and energy consumption by incorporating economic growth, agriculture and modern sectors in Pakistan over the period of 1972-2011. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration, assuming...

The paper investigates the effects of imports and foreign capital inflows on economic growth in case of Pakistan over the period of 1990Q1-2008Q4. We have applied ARDL bounds testing approach to examine the long run relationship and investigated the direction of causality by using VECM...

This study revisits the relationship between defence spending and economic growth using Keynesian model in Pakistan by applying ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration for long run and error correction method for short span of time. Empirical evidence suggests a stable cointegration...

The paper elaborates on managerial perception of regional business environment of small and medium-sized enterprises in southern Poland (i.e. two voivodeships: Małopolska and Śląsk). The paper is based on own empirical research, which was conducted in late-2004 year. The research was...

Regional environment creates a set of factors that can be called either stimulants or barriers to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Local governments should remove barriers, transforming them into promoters. An important feature that has to meet both the national...

This article discusses the two main factors, namely, the demographic parameters of enterprises and entrepreneurs, whcih impact on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The analysis is based on the author's own empirical research conducted on a random cample of 109 small and...

This article aims to present and analyze the European Union policy in favour of entrepreneurship as well as small and medium-sized enterprises (so-called fifth multiannual program) as well as the most important directions of activities of the Community for Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the...

The European Union creates new opportunities and possibilities for Polish entrepreneurs especially in the field of international entrepreneurship activities. The paper elaborates on the freedom of establishment in the European Union, which makes friendly environment for Polish enterprises to...

This study analyzes the time-frequency relationship between oil price and exchange rate for Pakistan by using measures of continuous wavelet such as wavelet power, cross-wavelet power, and cross-wavelet coherency. The results of cross-wavelet analysis indicate that covariance between oil price...

This study examines the impact of female wages, unemployment, foreign remittances and globalization on female labor supply over the period from 1980 to 2010. We have applied the ARDL bounds testing to test whether cointegration exists between variables. Our results show that variables are...