leaving (at age 16) may be due to variations in permanent income, parental education levels, and shocks to income at this age … effects on sons than daughters. We find that the education effects remain significant even when household income is included …. Moreover, decomposing the income when the child is 16 between a permanent component and shocks to income at age 16 only the …

to low socioeconomic status (SES) students using a natural experiment which exploits the time variation in the expansion … treatment is based on SES rather than ethnicity. Evaluating the effectiveness of programs targeting disadvantaged students in … and final year graduation rates, with the impact often stronger for higher ability students. We find similar patterns of …