transfers to their own parents in order to instill appropriate preferences in their children. This generates a derived demand …. We argue that parents provide help with downpayments in order to encourage the production of grandchildren, and that such … a subsidization emanates from the demonstration effect: a child's propensity to furnish parents with attention and care …

students' academic outcomes. We used PISA 2000 data to estimate peer effects for 15 and 16 year old students. The estimations …, quantile regressions suggest peer effects to be asymmetric in favor of low-ability students, meaning that students with lower …