on effort, there is little empirical evidence onhow students respond to incentives other than grades and monetary rewards …-in-differences approach to show how program and course policies affect theeffort and performance of students. Our findings indicate that … students perform worse(i) if their effort is rewarded belatedly, (ii) if their effort has little impact on their finalgrade, or …

This paper estimates the causal effect of an additional year of parents' schooling on theirchildren's education … positive impact of mothers' educationare investigated. Most importantly, individuals with more schooling value children …

increased numeracy skills of basic-track students by about 0.2 standard deviations. Using superior skill data, the results …

In this paper we analyze the impact of the expectations about future labor income on thesaving behavior of German … decreases savings. However, we are not able to identify asignificant relationship between general future income expectations and …

systems. The saving motive, however, does not change:individuals respond to increasing income risk by increasing their savings … systems. In contrast to former studies, we focus on the impact of thevariability of future income (higher degree risk). …

As a new approach we study individual wage compensations due to income risksmeasured by the variance and skewness of …

Does higher income cause democracy? Accounting for the dynamic nature and highpersistence of income and democracy, we … find a statistically significant positive relationbetween income and democracy for a postwar period sample of up to 150 …

countriesthat attract foreign students benefit from an increased stock of educated foreign workers?We find that, on average, an … increase of students by 10 percent increases the stockof tertiary educated workers in host countries by about 0.9 percent. That … about 70 percent. These results suggest that the costs of educatingforeign students are at least partly offset by increased …

in a host country of higher education. Students with rational expectations consider a potential return migration in their … non-resident tuition fees depend on the stay rates of foreign-born graduates.A decline in stay rates of foreign students … students take into account the possibility of return migration after graduation in their first-stage location decision in …