This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills … investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identfication of a general class of production … targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in …

, household income, and household wealth - and the health outcomes investigated span multiple dimensions as well. International …-country differences in levels of income equality and mortality as among the most compelling evidence that unequal societies have negative … top. This social health gradient exists whether education, income, or financial wealth is used as the marker of SES. While …

are in much worse health than those at the top. This health gradient exists whether education, income, or financial wealth …, feedbacks from new health events to household income are one of the reasons that underlie the strength of the income gradient …

children enter school. Families are major producers of those skills. Inequality in performance in school is strongly linked to … inequality in family environments. Schools do little to reduce or enlarge the gaps in skills that are present when children enter … growing fraction of American children across all race and ethnic groups is being raised in dysfunctional families. Investment …

forecastable at the time students decide to go to college (heterogeneity) and components that are unforecastable. About 60 % of …

olds, we estimate similar health gradients in income and wealth in both countries, but for 70-80 year old, we find no … income gradient in UK. Standard behavioral risk factors (work, marriage, obesity, exercise, and smoking) almost fully explain … income gradients among 55-64 years old in both countries and a significant part among Americans 70-80 years old. The most …