adoptive parents. We argue that the impact from biological parents captures broad pre-birth factors, including genes and … prenatal environment, and the impact from adoptive parents represents broad post-birth factors, such as childhood environment …, for the intergenerational association in education and income. We find that both pre- and post-birth factors contribute to …

mother?s or father?s education raises children?s education by about 0.1 year. Our estimated income elasticities are around 0.1. …We explore the adoption data approach to estimating causal effects of parental education and income on the same … outcomes of their children. Thanks to a data set drawn from Swedish population registers with detailed information on …

complex than the biological relationship of parents to children in both Sweden and the United States. …It is well known that children reared in non-intact families on average have less favorable educational outcomes than … children reared in two-parent families. Evidence from the United States and Sweden indicates that living in a non-intact family …

For the purpose of understanding the underlying mechanisms behind intergenerational associations in income and …