. The underlying causal mechanisms for such effects remain unsettled. We consider a model in which parents impose more … stringent disciplinary environments in response to their earlier-born children's poor performance in school in order to deter … such outcomes for their later-born offspring. We provide robust empirical evidence that school performance of children in …

This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills … investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identfication of a general class of production … targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in …

The choice of a college major plays a critical role in determining the future earnings of college graduates. Students … survey students about what their expected earnings would be both in the major they have chosen and in counterfactual majors …. We also elicit students' subjective assessments of their abilities in chosen and counterfactual majors. We estimate a …

better at graduating more-prepared students while other institutions are better at graduating less-prepared students and that … 209 led to a more efficient sorting of minority students, explaining 18% of the graduation rate increase in our preferred … specification. Further, there appears to have been behavioral responses to Prop 209, by universities and/or students, that explain …

children enter school. Families are major producers of those skills. Inequality in performance in school is strongly linked to … inequality in family environments. Schools do little to reduce or enlarge the gaps in skills that are present when children enter … growing fraction of American children across all race and ethnic groups is being raised in dysfunctional families. Investment …

forecastable at the time students decide to go to college (heterogeneity) and components that are unforecastable. About 60 % of …

A growing literature establishes that high quality early childhood interventions targeted toward disadvantaged children …