This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills … investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identfication of a general class of production … targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in …

children enter school. Families are major producers of those skills. Inequality in performance in school is strongly linked to … inequality in family environments. Schools do little to reduce or enlarge the gaps in skills that are present when children enter … growing fraction of American children across all race and ethnic groups is being raised in dysfunctional families. Investment …

We examined the persistence of teacher effects from grade to grade on lower-performing students using high …-quality experimental data from Project STAR, where students and teachers were assigned randomly to classrooms of different sizes. The data … consistently indicated that all students benefited similarly from teachers. Overall, systematic differential teacher effects were …

forecastable at the time students decide to go to college (heterogeneity) and components that are unforecastable. About 60 % of …

. This study used high-quality data from a four-year randomized experiment in which teachers and students were randomly …

low- and high-achieving students. I used data from a 4-year large-scale randomized experiment (project STAR) to examine … the effects of small classes on the achievement gap. The sample consisted of nearly 11,000 elementary school students who … indicated that higher-achieving students benefited more from being in small classes in early grades than other students. The …

positive and negative and that although students benefit considerably from being in small classes in some schools, in other … schools. Full time teacher aide effects were also inconsistent across schools and in some schools students benefit …