This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills … investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identification of a general class of production … targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in …

emergence of differentials in abilities between children of advantaged families and children of disadvantaged families, (c) the …

complementarities in skill formation. Investments in the human capital of children should expand relative to investment in older workers …