Rural elderly have 40% of the income of those in urban areas, spend a larger share of their income on food, are in … worse health, work later into their lives, and depend more on their children, lacking pensions and public services. The … with fewer children for support. Inequality in China is also be traced to increasing returns to schooling, especially …

if the children of well-educated parents paid the public costs of their schooling, and these tuition revenues facilitated … the expansion of higher education and financed fellowships for children of the poor and less educated parents. …, are not needed to motivate students to enroll, and those who have in the past enrolled in these levels of education are …

and child mortality, life expectation, and school enrollment rates, controlling for national income, women's and men … local quality of schooling, which appear to benefit disproportionately the above-average income households in Africa, as in … most other low-income settings. …

, particularly in low-income countries. Estimates of the productive returns from these three forms of human capital investment are …