income for example), many of the pathways through which these outcomes are transmitted are not as well understood. We address … and unique dataset of university students. While large socio-economic differences in academic performance exist at the … differences across socio-economic backgrounds in university grade attainment for female students is explained by intermediating …

adoptive parents. We argue that the impact from biological parents captures broad pre-birth factors, including genes and … prenatal environment, and the impact from adoptive parents represents broad post-birth factors, such as childhood environment …, for the intergenerational association in education and income. We find that both pre- and post-birth factors contribute to …

naturalized children of guest workers, ethnic Germans, EU and third country immigrants. In line with previous research, I find … less adversely affected by low parental education than are the children of native Germans. …

This paper makes three contributions to the literature on educational attainment gaps by family income. First, we … conduct a parallel empirical analysis of the effects of parental income on post-secondary (PS) attendance for recent high … Youth in Transition Survey. We estimate substantially smaller PS attendance gaps by parental income in Canada relative to …

female university students in Sweden has children. In Sweden as in many other countries enrollment periods have been … achievement we find that students with children seem to be somewhat more efficient in their studies among those who have graduated … indication that students with children have a lower dropout rate since their probability to register a diploma is higher …

more income elastic than public goods, as we document in the paper, an increase in income endogenously leads to smaller … number of children. …

for these policies was to ensure the health of mothers and their newborn children. With increased female labor market …