Syria faces two interrelated medium-term challenges posed by the prospective decline in its oil reserves. The recently approved five-year plan (FYP) laid down a comprehensive strategy to address these challenges. Syria’s public finances are headed for challenging times in the coming 10–15...

This paper assembles findings on the use of trade taxes, examines the main contributing factors, and reviews the fiscal aspects of trade policy as they relate to both efficiency and macroeconomic stabilization. It demonstrates why trade taxes would generally not be part of an optimal tax...

This Selected Issues paper provides a brief overview of the Dominican Republic authorities’ structural reform efforts in the 1990s. The paper provides a history of trade reforms, which form an integral part of the structural reform agenda. It presents a review of fiscal policy during the...

Introduction -- The dark before the dawn -- An oil and gas renaissance -- Economic impact -- The demand side of the ledger -- Regional and sectoral effects -- Environmental costs and benefits -- Trade policy considerations -- Conclusions

Introduction : why Russia matters and how -- Russia's historical roots -- Russia's new political system and succession -- Economic revival and financial crisis -- Policy on oil and gas -- International economic integration : trade and investment policies -- Challenges of demography and health --...