Militärische Interventionen werden zunehmend durch Sanktionen ersetzt, um außenpolitische Ziele der globalen Sicherheit zu verfolgen. Beide Mittel verursachen ökonomische Kosten. Anhand des Gravitationsmodells des internationalen Handels und eines allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodells...

The authors analyze whether the US-Japan Trade Agreement is consistent with GATT Article XXIV that carves out an exception to the WTO's "Most-Favored Nation" (MFN) principle. They conclude that the agreement is unlikely to meet the "substantially all the trade" criterion of GATT Article XXIV...

Following the upcoming U.S. elections, the EU should prioritize defending the multilateral trade system, as a collapse in global economic cooperation could impact Europe up to four times more than direct U.S. tariffs alone. Potential U.S. trade policies under either a Harris or second Trump...