by parental preferences: if parents prefer certain sex compositions over others, children's gender affects not only the … dizygotic twins. In these cases, the two children are born at the same time, so parents cannot make decisions about one twin … outcomes of other children but also the very existence of potential additional children. We address this problem by looking at …

children. But what if children also affect their parents' human capital? Using exogenous variation in education, arising from a …-sectional relationship between children's education and their parents' longevity. Our causal estimates tell a different story; children … we restrict the sample to low-income and low-educated parents. …

markets and whether the effects spill over to spouses and children. There is substantial evidence that more educated people … spouses or children. …

children on the labor market earnings of women and men (often referred to as child penalties). We measure long-run child …, and even turns into a child premium after 15 years, offsetting the initial setbacks experienced when children are young …. Our findings therefore challenge the widely held view that children are the primary drivers behind the long-run gender gap …