standard deviation on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). Between 2019 and 2022, U.S. students had … between NAEP scores and students' later life outcomes by year and state of birth. We find that a standard deviation … improvement in a birth cohort's 8th grade math achievement was associated with an 8 percent rise in income, as well as improved …

Population survey to impute income for dependent children by race, mother's education, urbanicity and state and then calculated …Since 1990, U.S. policymakers have worked to close gaps in academic achievement by income and race (e.g. with school … finance reform and school accountability systems) even as rising income inequality and income-based residential segregation …