. Their study has been faulted because minority children and their parents may have pessimistic expectations about receiving … outcomes, minority parents and children have more pessimistic expectations about child schooling relative to white children and … their parents when their children are young. At later ages, expectations are more uniform across racial and ethnic groups …

This paper examines the family income -- college enrollment relationship and the evidence on credit constraints in post … ability. Long-run factors crystallized in ability are the major determinants of the family income -- schooling relationship …