mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

We examine the impact of having a same-race teacher on students' long-run educational attainment. Leveraging random … student-teacher pairings in the Tennessee STAR class-size experiment, we find that black students randomly assigned to a black … students to update their beliefs about the returns to effort and what educational outcomes are possible. Using testable …

addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …

Even though some countries track students into differing-ability schools by age 10, others keep their entire secondary …

disadvantaged students. Finally, results from supplementary analyses suggest that these deleterious effects faded out in subsequent …