We investigate the impact of the presence of university dropouts on the academic success of first-time students. Our … of dropouts on first-time students’ success masks treatment heterogeneity and non-linearities. First, we find negative …

years. The intervention includes students aged 7-9 and consists of pulling students from their regular mathematics classes … school year. All students, not only struggling students, are pulled out. We find that students in treatment schools increased …

are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

effects on school grades, but these negative effects are largely confined to children born extremely preterm (<28 weeks of … gestation, i.e. born at least 10 weeks earlier). Children born moderately preterm (i.e. born up to 5 weeks early) suffer no ill … school environment is very important for the outcomes of preterm born children, such that those born extremely preterm that …