parents’ siblings and cousins, their spouses, and the spouses’ siblings. Using various human capital measures, we show that … extended family relative to the parents increases …

track students. However, there are concerns that the most frequently used college placement exams lack validity and … reliability, and unnecessarily place students from under-represented groups into remedial courses. While recent research has shown … that tracking can have positive effects on student learning, inaccurate placement has consequences: students face …