are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

influence of parents wanes. Nevertheless, parents may continue to exert leverage by shaping their children's peer groups. We … parental inputs and peers, and where parents can affect the peer group by restricting who their children can interact with. We …As children reach adolescence, peer interactions become increasingly central to their development, whereas the direct …

data from Kentucky, we estimate panel-data models that control for differences among students in pre-college earnings and …

’s degrees. We use individual fixed effects models on the matched sample of students and non-students from Finland to capture any …

for nearly 70,000 students. Because average age at school entry is 30 years of age, and because we have earnings data for …

administrative records on for-profit school and community college attendance with quarterly earnings data for over 400,000 students … schooling by 20-29 percent for students attending for-profit schools and 16-27 percent for students attending community colleges … and community colleges. Finally, we present evidence showing that students in for-profit schools and community colleges …