We examine the role of teachers and students in the formation of grade 12 test scores in public schools in Delhi. There … families where only fathers earn, those where both parents earn negatively predict student effectiveness, while religion, caste … and parents' education have no predictive power. There is some evidence that principals' rating of teachers and value …

local students in Shanghai, where local students all go to public schools, but migrant students are endogenously selected … all student groups. We conduct policy experiments to examine the effect of transferring migrant students from private …