years. The intervention includes students aged 7-9 and consists of pulling students from their regular mathematics classes … school year. All students, not only struggling students, are pulled out. We find that students in treatment schools increased …

How much young children should be tested and graded is a highly contentious issue in education policy. Opponents … redeeming impact on educational performance. Others see early testing of children as a necessary instrument for identifying … children. In practice, there is large crosscountry variation in testing regimes. We exploit random variation in test-taking in …

addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …

addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …

. These negative effects are concentrated on students at most risk of underperformance, boys and children from lower educated … refugee children on the test score performance of their native school children classmates. These effects are simply not … present for other immigrants, and stem primarily from refugee children who themselves are most at risk of low performance …