track students. However, there are concerns that the most frequently used college placement exams lack validity and … reliability, and unnecessarily place students from under-represented groups into remedial courses. While recent research has shown … that tracking can have positive effects on student learning, inaccurate placement has consequences: students face …

individuals to acquire education may serve as an additional signal (to earned labor income) on the underlying unobserved innate … education, as a supplement to the labor income tax. …