years. The intervention includes students aged 7-9 and consists of pulling students from their regular mathematics classes … school year. All students, not only struggling students, are pulled out. We find that students in treatment schools increased …

track students. However, there are concerns that the most frequently used college placement exams lack validity and … reliability, and unnecessarily place students from under-represented groups into remedial courses. While recent research has shown … that tracking can have positive effects on student learning, inaccurate placement has consequences: students face …