This paper examines how skill-biased growth can generate economic fragmentation (income dis-parities) that give rise to …-nationalist policies (which destroy productivity, compress the income distribution and promote the benefits of social affiliation) …

track students. However, there are concerns that the most frequently used college placement exams lack validity and … reliability, and unnecessarily place students from under-represented groups into remedial courses. While recent research has shown … that tracking can have positive effects on student learning, inaccurate placement has consequences: students face …