track students. However, there are concerns that the most frequently used college placement exams lack validity and … reliability, and unnecessarily place students from under-represented groups into remedial courses. While recent research has shown … that tracking can have positive effects on student learning, inaccurate placement has consequences: students face …

Decisions concerning marriage, fertility, participation, and the education of children are explained using a two … children equally between them, while the predominant pattern in developing countries is for the father to specialize in market … work leaving the care of the children to the mother. The other is that the sign of the cross-country correlation between …