We investigate the impact of the presence of university dropouts on the academic success of first-time students. Our … of dropouts on first-time students’ success masks treatment heterogeneity and non-linearities. First, we find negative …

track students. However, there are concerns that the most frequently used college placement exams lack validity and … reliability, and unnecessarily place students from under-represented groups into remedial courses. While recent research has shown … that tracking can have positive effects on student learning, inaccurate placement has consequences: students face …

threshold students may make use of additional resources, such as private tutoring. We investigate how the use of private … successfully pass through this school, controlling for the students competencies after tutoring, but before the transition. Using … PISA and linked register data from Switzerland, we find that students who had private tutoring before the transition are …