application data across UK universities over a period of 8 years, we investigate how league tables affect prospective students …

deviation in exam grade. Effort in our study increases most for students at and below median ability, resulting in a reduction …

We study the treatment effect of grade retention, using a panel of French junior high school students, taking … weakest students. We also show that class size is endogenous and tends to increase with unobserved student ability. The … Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of grade retention is negative, again with the exception of the weakest group of students …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …