This paper models the probability of 15-year-old children missing school or being late. The paper sets out to uncover … poor attendance. However students who feel positively about their teachers are less likely to have bad attendance …. Similarly where students feel there is a good disciplinary climate in the class they are also less likely to have poor …

We study the treatment effect of grade retention, using a panel of French junior high school students, taking … weakest students. We also show that class size is endogenous and tends to increase with unobserved student ability. The … Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of grade retention is negative, again with the exception of the weakest group of students …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …