A growing number of American states require that students who do not demonstrate basic reading proficiency at the end …

Many American states require that students lacking basic reading proficiency after third grade be retained and … retained students are compared to their same-age peers, but remain substantial through grade 10 when compared to students in … the same grade. Being retained in third grade due to missing the promotion standard increases students' grade point …

We study whether early tracking of students based on ability increases migrant-native achievement gaps. To eliminate …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …