Immigrant children often face educational disadvantages that stem from their parents' decision-making. For example, in … citizenship or not. We find that the policy caused immigrant parents to (i) send their children to preschool more often; (ii … many immigrant-receiving countries, immigrants are less likely than the native-born to enroll their children in preschool …

We study the treatment effect of grade retention, using a panel of French junior high school students, taking … weakest students. We also show that class size is endogenous and tends to increase with unobserved student ability. The … Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of grade retention is negative, again with the exception of the weakest group of students …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …