colleges for low-income community college students. This paper explores the role that access to information technology, in … first-ever field experiment randomly providing free computers to students, we examine the relationships between access to … experiment indicate that the treatment group of students receiving free computers has a 4.5 percentage point higher probability …

We study the treatment effect of grade retention, using a panel of French junior high school students, taking … weakest students. We also show that class size is endogenous and tends to increase with unobserved student ability. The … Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of grade retention is negative, again with the exception of the weakest group of students …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …