difference-in-difference approach using administrative panel data on over 54,000 course grades of local students enrolled at … Maastricht University before and during the partial cannabis prohibition. We find that the academic performance of students who … are no longer legally permitted to buy cannabis increases substantially. Grade improvements are driven by younger students …

university. By exploiting data with repeated random assignment of students to teaching sections, we find that a higher rank …: improvements in rank raise performance, while decreases in rank have no effect. Rank effects partially operate through students …

We study the treatment effect of grade retention, using a panel of French junior high school students, taking … weakest students. We also show that class size is endogenous and tends to increase with unobserved student ability. The … Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of grade retention is negative, again with the exception of the weakest group of students …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …