We study the treatment effect of grade retention, using a panel of French junior high school students, taking … weakest students. We also show that class size is endogenous and tends to increase with unobserved student ability. The … Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of grade retention is negative, again with the exception of the weakest group of students …

How does welfare affect the prosperity of mothers and their children? We study this question using a Canadian welfare … reform and by linking administrative welfare records to tax returns, nearly all medical spending, and children's educational … attainment. Eighty percent of mothers in the complier group found employment within a year, and for many, total income rose …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …