result taller and heavier parents should have more sons relative to daughters. Using two British cohort studies, evidence was … parents' height and weight using one of the datasets. No evidence of any such relationship is found. …

We study the treatment effect of grade retention, using a panel of French junior high school students, taking … weakest students. We also show that class size is endogenous and tends to increase with unobserved student ability. The … Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of grade retention is negative, again with the exception of the weakest group of students …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …