for low and high ability students and that important insights are lost by focusing on the conditional mean. The … factors may affect where students go and what they study. …

This paper estimates the marginal effect of class size on educational attainment of high school students. We control …

We study the treatment effect of grade retention, using a panel of French junior high school students, taking … weakest students. We also show that class size is endogenous and tends to increase with unobserved student ability. The … Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of grade retention is negative, again with the exception of the weakest group of students …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …