addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …

. France and Flemish Belgium achieve the most equitable performance for students from different family backgrounds, and Britain …

. The results show that substituting lacking family support by other adults can help disadvantaged children at adolescent …

track students. However, there are concerns that the most frequently used college placement exams lack validity and … reliability, and unnecessarily place students from under-represented groups into remedial courses. While recent research has shown … that tracking can have positive effects on student learning, inaccurate placement has consequences: students face …

Even though some countries track students into differing-ability schools by age 10, others keep their entire secondary …