Numerous countries require teachers to assign comportment grades rating students' social and work behavior in the … comportment grading across German federal states to estimate its causal effect on students' school-to-work transitions as well as … consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors. …

addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …

. France and Flemish Belgium achieve the most equitable performance for students from different family backgrounds, and Britain …

. The results show that substituting lacking family support by other adults can help disadvantaged children at adolescent …

Even though some countries track students into differing-ability schools by age 10, others keep their entire secondary …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5771 primary school students …