addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …

increasing the informational content of grades, central exams may improve the sorting of students by productivity. To test this …, we exploit the unique German setting where students from states with and without central exams work on the same labor …

positive effects of central exams on achievement tests, previous research on university-bound students shows no effects on … subsequent earnings. We suggest that labor-market effects may be more imminent for students leaving school directly for the labor … that central exams are indeed associated with higher earnings for students from school types directly bound for the labor …

. The results show that substituting lacking family support by other adults can help disadvantaged children at adolescent …

. France and Flemish Belgium achieve the most equitable performance for students from different family backgrounds, and Britain …

fixed effects account for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity, education - but not income or urbanization - is …

Even though some countries track students into differing-ability schools by age 10, others keep their entire secondary …