This paper documents disparities in cognitive development-as measured by a receptive vocabulary test-between children …

scores, and sizable effects on college attendance and enrollment at more selective institutions, in particular for low-income … children. Our findings suggest that parental time investments are neutral to early skills gaps, while monetary investments are …

Do parents alter their investment in their child's human capital in response to changes in school inputs? If they do … children's education. The use of out-of-school suspensions is the novelty of this paper. Out-of-school suspensions are chosen … by the teacher or the principal of the school and not by parents, but they are a consequence of student misbehavior. To …

children vis-à-vis home production. This paper finds that, similarly to higher-income countries, there is a positive education … regarding the quantity and quality of parental time investment on the skill formation of their children. Traditional models of … household behavior have failed to account for the differential behavior of parents with respect to skill formation of their …

ethnic compositions. Today, the descendants of these immigrants live and work in their parents' destination countries. This …

where we can follow children over time, there are few substantive changes in scores once children enter school. Our results …