, arguably causal evidence that teacher expectations affect students' educational attainment. Estimates suggest that the … overly optimistic about students' ability to complete a four-year college degree. However, the degree of over-optimism of … white teachers is significantly larger for white students than for black students. This highlights a nuance that is …

, especially for policies that target non-cognitive skill formation for children or adolescents which are aimed solely at improving …

-methods approach to investigate the hypothesis that Black peers improve white teachers' effectiveness when teaching Black students. The … significantly improves the achievement and reduces the suspension rates of white teachers' Black students. These effects are … to successfully teach Black students is not limited to their direct interaction with Black students but is augmented by …

been affected across six countries (China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, UK and US). We first document changes in income … changes to their lives, and overall they are less supportive of these measures. These patterns are less clear across income … groups: while some countries have managed to shield lower income individuals from negative consequences, others have not. We …