This paper estimates the causal effects of parental education on their children's risky health behaviours and health …. Instrumental variable estimates and difference-in-differences estimates reveal that increases in maternal schooling reduce children … children's education and improvements in their peer environment early in life are important for explaining the effects. Changes …

societies. Adopting a double-generation perspective, we investigate the causal impact of this care mode on children's health …-specific effects, taking into account counterfactual care modes. Our results suggest null or negative effects on children's outcomes …: If children three years and older are in full-time daycare or school and, in addition, cared for by grandparents, they …

development and socio-economic development gaps. For children born before January 1, 2007, parental leave benefits were means …-tested and paid for up to 24 months after childbirth. For children born thereafter, parental leave benefits were earnings …-related and only paid for up to 14 months. Higher-income households benefited more from the reform than low-income households. We …